Nash Equilibrium Theory

Introduction Nash equilibrium is a challenge that has acquired many increasing applications in both the internet and economics. It is evident from the internet that it is hard to count all the Nash equilibrium of a two player game. This is so even if the entry of the matrix is 0 or even 1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nash Equilibrium Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the complexity which is involved in finding the Nash equilibrium is open and has been actually opposed as one of the most significant wide open problems in the complexity theory today. There is a new polynomial reduction given in finding the Nash equilibrium in the general bi-matrix games in finding Nash equilibrium in the games where all the playoffs are either 1 or 0 (Kim, 2004). Once a given problem is shown intractable in the in complexity theory, the research for the same shifts towards the directions of polynomial algori thms for approximation or modest goals and the exponential bounds which are lower for the restricted algorithm classes. We however conclude that Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium for the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally (Kim, 2000). Algorithm for the Nash equilibrium In calculating the Algorithm for Nash equilibrium, we give out a common algorithm for calculating the Nash equilibrium of the bi-matrix game within an exponential time. The calculation relies on the proposition that; given the existence of a Nash equilibrium with the supports S1 = Supp (x) and S2 = Supp (y), there will be a polynomial time of the algorithm in order to compute a Nash equilibrium with the definite supports stated. In the question, we will calculate the Nash equilibrium as follows: Let S i1 be the ith row of S1, and Sj2 be the jth column of S2Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We then solve the linear program based on the 2n + 3 variables: The variables: a, b ≠¥ 0, U, V, á µÅ¸ The solution is then shown to the given conditions in a Nash equilibrium having the supports (S1, S2). The set of the constraints demands that the probabilities ai be non-negative and add up to one. They should also be 0 outside the required support with at least á µÅ¸ within the desired support (Freund, 2006). The following charts show the Nash Equilibrium tables. The steps I used in calculating the Nash equilibrium.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nash Equilibrium Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I examined the payoff matrix and determine what payoffs belong to whom I determined each player’s b est response in all other actions of the other players, this process is done to all other players The Nash equilibrium hence exists where each player’s best response is similar to the other player’s best response For instance Step one Cooperate Non cooperate Cooperate 2000(B) 1500(A) 4000(B) 50(A) Non Cooperate 100(B) 2000(A) 101(B) 60(A) Step two Cooperate Non cooperate Cooperate 2000(B) 1500(A) 4000(B) 50(A) Non Cooperate 100(B) (2000) 101(B) (60) Step three Cooperate Non cooperate Cooperate 2000(B) 1500(A) 4000(B) 50(A) Non Cooperate 100(B) 2000(A) (101) 60(A) Proof of equilibrium The algorithm is simple and enumerates all the pairs (S1, S2) where by S1 is the sub set of the pure strategies of the row player while S2 is the pure strategies for the column player. For every pair, the equilibrium is used to find the Nash equilibrium in case one exists with the specified supports. In case no Nash equilibrium exists with the supports, th e algorithm terminates within the polynomial time and either asserts that there is no solution existing or for one with a á µÅ¸ = 0. In the case latter case described, the solution to the problem will be a valid Nash equilibrium therefore the algorithm will find necessarily Nash equilibrium whenever it uses the initial algorithm on the support of the described Nash equilibrium. Hence, there exist at most the following in the solution: The 2m Ãâ€" 2n kind of pairs of the sets, therefore we get a total of (n + m) 0(1) 2(m + n) total time (Kim, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on math statistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proof of negotiation algorithm The original proof of the existence of the Nash equilibrium is the Brouwer’s fixed point theorem. The proof is as follows: we can have the best of all correspondence for all other players with the relation from the set of the probability distributions over the profile of the opponent players to the set strategies as given in the supports, the profile of the mixed strategy of all the players except for player Si1. Analysis of negotiation algorithm Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by an assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium for the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally (Freund, 2006). Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium fo r the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally. In calculating the Algorithm for Nash equilibrium, we give out a common algorithm for calculating the Nash equilibrium of the bi-matrix game within an exponential time. The calculation relies on the proposition that; given the existence of a Nash equilibrium with the supports S1 = Supp (x) and S2 = Supp (y), there will be a polynomial time of the algorithm in order to compute a Nash equilibrium with the definite supports stated. Autoregressive models The basic structure of an autoregressive model of the order p is indicated by the notation AR (p). It is defined as When the formulae are broken down into different sections that are used to determine the natural phenomena, its sub sections are as follows: are the parameters of the model in use C is the constant Is used to define the white noise (Friedman, 2001). For the prediction of natural phenomenon to occur using this for mula, the model has to incorporate the whole autoregressive moving average model (Kim, 2000). Autoregressive moving average model To describe a standard ARMA equation we will use the example below which further breaks down the equations used in the autoregressive models. This model refers to a model with p autoregressive terms involved in an equation and q moving average terms in the same instance. Its combines the AR (p) and MA (q) of which the moving average model in the above equation is explained below MA (q) This model refers to moving average of the standard model of order q This is broken down into the following sectors of the equation to determine the outcome of moving averages in the combined model. ÃŽ ¸1,†¦, ÃŽ ¸q are the limits ÃŽ ¼ is the expectation of the time series model ÃŽ µt,ÃŽ µt-1 is the white noise error terms. Example equation The path-order AR (AR(p)) Random Process is given by x(n) = −a(1)x(n − 1) − a(2)x(n − 2) − ãÆ' » ãÆ' » ãÆ' » − a(p)x(n − p) + w(n) (1) where by; w(n) is white noise having variance ÏÆ'w2 (k), k = 1,†¦ , p are the AR parameters. We assume that x(n) is real. The autocorrelation function of the AR process, rx(k), also satisfies the autoregressive property, this leads to the well-known Yule-Walker equations for the AR parameters rx(k)=- (k-i), k- 1 Suppose the measurements used to estimate the AR parameters can be modeled as ËÅ"x(n) = x(n) + v(n) where v(n) is white noise having variance  ¾2v, then the parameter estimates derived from the Yule-Walker equations will be biased since, rËÅ"x(k) = rx(k) +  ±(k) ¾2v where  ±(k) is the Dirac delta function. It has been shown that the biased AR parameters produce a â€Å"flatter† AR spectrum since the estimated poles of the AR process are biased toward the center of the unit circle [1]. A number of methods have been described for estimating the AR parameters using noisy measurements, some of these m ethods are surveyed in [1, 5] (Freund, 2006). The Noise-Compensated Yule-Walker (NCYW) equations are defined as (RËÅ"x −  ¸B) u = 0p+q (3), Where the dimensions of RËÅ"x,B, and u are (p + q) Ãâ€" (p + 1) , (p + q) Ãâ€" (p + 1), and (p + 1) Ãâ€" 1, respectively. The unknowns in (3) are u and  ¸, so clearly, equality holds when  ¸ =  ¾2v and u =  · 1 a(1) a(2)†¦ a(p)  ¸T. We observe that the first p equations are nonlinear in the AR parameters, u, and the measurement noise variance, The next q equations however are linear in u. In general there exist p distinct ( ¸, u) solving (3), the solution is taken to be that which corresponds to the minimum real value of  ¸ solving (3). A number of authors have observed that solving the p nonlinear equations, in addition to the q linear equations can improve the parameter estimates [2, 3, 4]. In [5], a matrix pencil method based on the Noise-Compensated Yule-Walker (NCYW) equations was presented which was found to out-perform several other methods for AR-in noise parameter estimation. None of these papers have established the minimum number of linear equations that are required for the solution of the NCYW equations to be the unique, correct solution. It is clear that q ≠¥ p linear equations are sufficient to insure that the solution is unique, in this case, all other ( ¸, u) solving (3) are complex. However, the minimum value of q needed to insure a unique solution has not been established. This is an important consideration because using a large value of q, which would guarantee a unique solution, also implies computing more high-order autocorrelation lag estimates which can reduce the solution accuracy since these tend to have a larger estimation variance. Hence one would like to choose the smallest value of q that still guarantees a unique solution (Friedman, 2001). One might expect that since there are a total of p + q equations in p + 1 unknowns, fewer then q = p linear equation s are needed. In other words, if only one linear equation were used, q = 1, this would still give p + 1equations in p + 1 unknowns, hence a unique solution could still exist. In this correspondence, we show that this is not the case and q ≠¥ p is also a necessary condition for there to exist a unique solution (Friedman, 2001). Conclusion The coalition proof of the Nash equilibrium concept applies to specify non cooperative surroundings where by players can freely share and discuss their game strategies but cannot make any changes or even binding commitments. The concept emphasizes the self enforcing immunization to deviations. The best response in the game in Nash equilibrium is therefore necessary for self-enforceability. This is not sufficient generally when players can deviate jointly in a way that is beneficial mutually. The proof Nash equilibrium refines the concept via a stronger conception of the self-enforceability that gives room for the multilateral deviations (Freund , 2006). Nash algorithm is a concept of solution of a game that involves two or more players in it, where by assumption has been made that every player understands the strategies of the equilibrium for the players and that not even one player has a thing to gain by altering his own strategies unilaterally. To describe a standard ARMA equation we will use the example below which further breaks down the equations used in the autoregressive models. The calculation relies on the proposition that; given the existence of a Nash equilibrium with the supports S1 = Supp (x) and S2 = Supp (y), there will be a polynomial time of the algorithm in order to compute a Nash equilibrium with the definite supports stated (Freund, 2006). A number of authors have observed that solving the p nonlinear equations, in addition to the q linear equations can improve the parameter estimates [2, 3, 4]. In [5], a matrix pencil method based on the Noise-Compensated Yule-Walker (NCYW) equations was presented whic h was found to out-perform several other methods for AR-in noise parameter estimation. None of these papers have established the minimum number of linear equations that are required for the solution of the NCYW equations to be the unique, correct solution. It is clear that q ≠¥ p linear equations are sufficient to insure that the solution is unique, in this case, all other ( ¸, u) solving (3) are complex. In summary, Nash equilibrium is challenge that has acquired many increasing applications in both the internet and economics. It is evident from the internet that is hard to count all the Nash equilibrium of a two player game. This is so even if the entry of the matrix is 0 or even 1. Nevertheless, the complexity involved in finding the Nash equilibrium is open and has been actually opposed as one of the most significant wide open problems in the complexity theory today. There is a new polynomial reduction given in finding the Nash equilibrium in the general bi-matrix games i n finding Nash equilibrium in the games where all the playoffs are either 1 or 0. In complexity theory, once a given problem is shown intractable, the research for the same shifts towards the directions of polynomial algorithms for approximation or modest goals, exponential bounds which are lower for the restricted algorithm classes (Friedman, 2001). References Freund, S. (2006). Adaptive game playing using multiplicative weights. New York: Prentice Hall. Friedman, S.(2001). Learning and implementation on the Internet. London: Springer. Kim, C. (2000). Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game  Theory. London: Cambridge University Press. Kim, C. (2004). Infinite Dimensional Analysis: London, Springer This essay on Nash Equilibrium Theory was written and submitted by user Ayanna Parker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Knowledge Management And Organisational Learning Management Essays

Knowledge Management And Organisational Learning Management Essays Knowledge Management And Organisational Learning Management Essay Knowledge Management And Organisational Learning Management Essay The nucleus aim of this study is to reexamine the current literature on cognition direction ( KM ) and organizational acquisition, peculiarly in relation to the international development field, in order to map out the principle and aims of KM and larning in this field, and to foreground spreads and emerging subjects that will be of particular involvement to development histrions and bureaus. It is portion of the Research and Policy in Development ( RAPID ) programme at the Overseas Development Institute ( ODI ) . Background The intent of ODI s RAPID programme is that better usage be made of research in development policy and pattern, in order to advance evidence-based and pro-poor policies. The programme focuses on nucleus country, viz. improved cognition direction and larning systems in Southern and Northern development bureaus. Since development policy and pattern are mostly formulated and implemented by assorted bureaus runing from multilaterals, through bilateral and authoritiess, to NGOs it is important to recognize the important impact of organizational procedures on the links between research, policy and pattern. This paper s primary purpose is to reexamine the current literature in order to map out the principle and aims of KM and larning within international development, and to place spreads and emerging subjects. Previous work at ODI ODI has already examined some of the issues related to KM and larning in international development through both published documents and undertakings. In 1998, Development as Process ( edited by Mosse, Farrington and Rew ) was published as portion of the ODI Policy Studies Series. In peculiar, the book draws out the importance of societal relationships, and the political relations of information distribution and usage in the context of development undertakings. In 1999, an ODI Working Paper by Baumann, entitled Information and Power , reviewed the literature on information procedures and the deductions for procedure monitoring. The study highlights the troubles in presuming that people in an administration are willing to portion their cognition freely with other organizational staff. The RAPID programme besides builds on old work at ODI refering the moral force of policy procedures ( Sutton, 1999 ) , In 2001, ODI established an Information and Communications Committee to advice on the design and execution of a KM scheme in the institute. This aim has been strengthened with the assignment of a KM Research Officer in July 2003. 1.1.2 What is knowledge direction and organizational acquisition? As an introductory measure it is utile to separate between natural information and cognition ( Edwards, 1994 ) . Natural information may be widely available to a figure of bureaus, but merely some administrations will be able to change over the information into relevant cognition and to utilize this cognition to accomplish their purposes. The procedures by which they do this are known as KM schemes. In the subdivision below on KM in the corporate sector, a farther differentiation will be made between first and 2nd coevals KM schemes. While the first coevals focused on systematizing and commanding bing cognition and cognition sharing within an administration, the 2nd coevals KM schemes have shifted towards heightening the conditions for invention and cognition creative activity ( McElroy, 2000 ) . Challenges and advantages of KM are of course related to challenges and advantages of organizational acquisition, and in the international development field these two sets of issues are frequently examined together. As with the two coevalss of KM schemes, an administration s ability to larn from past experiences can besides be divided into first and 2nd order schemes ( Argyris, 1992 ) . First order schemes concern single cringle acquisition , aimed at rectifying and modifying patterns in order to suit in with an established policy. Second order schemes are those of double cringle larning , which in analogue with 2nd coevals KM strategies purpose to increase the administration s capacity to believe creatively and move innovatively. Reappraisal of the Literature Knowledge direction and acquisition in the corporate sector 2.1The information age workplace A really big sum of the literature on KM and organizational acquisition is available. KM is considered as solution to new challenges of information age. Knowledge and information have become core assets of concerns, who have to happen out to manage these assets in new ways. Traditional fiscal systems designed to cover with physical inputs and end products are no longer sufficient. In order to accomplish competitory advantage, concerns have to portion information more expeditiously and tried to get by with altering environment. This state of affairs forces first coevals to better their cognition sharing within administration ( McElroy, 2000 ) . Now the emerging competitory state of affairs forces the current coevals to concentrate more on organizational procedures and coevals of new cognition to accomplish competitory advantage. For illustration, the most successful administrations are switching from schemes based on anticipation to based on expectancy of surprises ( Savage, 2000 ) . These displacements depend on the type of administration. Accenture s ( 2002 ) has identified four different types of administrations based on different degrees of mutuality and complexness of work state of affairs like procedure, systems, web and competency. 2.2 Significant KM advisers Some of the most important and often cited writers on KM and larning are Argyris ( 1992 ) , Senge ( 1990 ) , Nonaka ( 1995 ) , Levitt and March ( 1988 ) , March ( 1991 ) and Schein ( 1992 ) . Their Centre of focal point is emerging competitory environment. While Argyris ( 1992 ) and Senge ( 1990 ) establish their thoughts as a direction adviser, Nonaka ( 1995 ) utilize his Nipponese concerns experience to determine his political orientation. Senge ( 1990 ) in peculiar focal point on systems believing. He argues that organizational acquisition is merely successful when it based on the good apprehension of administration hierarchy, instead than a focal point on single portion of construction. Argyris ( 1992 ) further develops thought individual and dual cringle acquisition. The aim of individual cringle acquisition is to reconstruct the organizational activity. On the other manus, dual cringle larning Fosters the administration for taking extraordinary measure like invention. It enhances the creativeness of administration. Levitt and March ( 1988 ) are dubious about the capacity of administrations larning from past experience. Their articles highlight considerable restriction about organizational acquisition. Malhotra ( 2001 ) and Stacey ( 1995 ) take a somewhat different position on the function of direction in relation to larning. They use chaos theory to depict semi-confusing information systems ( Malhotra, 2001 ) and nonlinear feedback webs ( Stacey, 1995 ) . Innovation frequently takes topographic point in informal concern environment where persons are interested in the same issues. 2.3 Performance measuring Traditionally administrations use traditional accounting and measuring system to turn out that KM adds value to production procedures or to heighten the efficiency of concern. There are many jobs attached with the traditional accounting system. Chiefly they are non good equipped to cover with intangible assets like cognition. Furthermore, traditional measuring systems are based on costs instead than gain border or added value. ( Ahmed and Zairi, 2000 ) . Traditional measuring systems use prosodies for measuring information. Therefore concern start traveling toward accounting and measuring system that non merely supply information about addition in productiveness through KM but besides intangible assets.These theoretical accounts of public presentation measuring Foster single cringle larning i.e. they enable directors to take immediate disciplinary action if and when procedures are seen to go inefficient but they leave small room for double cringle larning ( Argyris, 1992 ) . 3 Gaps in the Literature and Future Issues Few spreads has identified in the literature about Knowledge direction and acquisition that are really of import and they need to be work on that for the developmental bureaus in the international development field. 3.1 Knowledge management/learning and reactivity Feasible civil society administrations ( CSOs ) provide a platform from which voice of the hapless can be heard in determination and policy-making procedures that affect their lives. However, this can merely be possible if CSO accurately represent the hapless s state of affairs and explicate appropriate responses. It depend on the capableness of CSO to treat information and interpret in effectual mode now the inquiry arises that Can improved KM and larning systems enable them to react to the state of affairs of their beneficiaries more accurately and efficaciously? Edwards ( 1994 ) respond to this inquiry by foregrounding the function of NGO s. He argue that they have democratic value base and accent on openness and non-hierarchical communicating channels. He argues that these built-in values will enable NGOs to utilize their information systems and processes to the benefit of the grassroots communities with which they work. King ( 2001 ) provides a less idealistic analysis of the state of affairs, underscoring that KM and larning procedures do non automatically or needfully do NGOs more antiphonal. He voices concerns about the fact that have so far implemented.

Documentary Film Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Documentary Film Analysis - Term Paper Example The portrayals that are used throughout this film as well as the different elements which were used all created defining points about poetics and aesthetics that link together both the documentary and art film. The concept of documentary film is now portrayed in six different categories, specifically because of the filming style and different elements that are used for the final displays. This includes expository, observational, poetic, participatory, reflexive and performative. The division of documentaries is divided specifically by the elements in the film, including the narration, decision to include specific types of materials and the techniques that are used with the various films. It is also noted that each of these definitions overlap, specifically which is defined by the pieces of film that the director decides to use. For instance, some clips may include observational scenes, which shows the setting and basic elements surrounding the area. This is followed by a performative approach, which may be used with interviews and individuals that are expected to relay specific pieces of information, such as through the voice of the narrator. Interactions that retell different parts of sto ries that aren’t filmed but only available through oral storytelling may also be considered (Plantinga, 105). The poetic documentary is one which is defined by the different techniques that are the main focus of portraying information. This is given by using aesthetics as the main component, including the film shots, settings and the portrayal of different characters. The use of these techniques is followed by the audio that is used. There are different types of music that will be used during different shots of the film, specifically to create a deeper understanding and meaning of a given setting and to create a higher response by emotions from the film. The narration is used to

Independent study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Independent study - Essay Example he individual reaches the medical care system, the incidence of sudden death and deaths that occur before these individuals could receive medical supervision constitutes the major challenge to the present system of cardiovascular care. (Harken, 2004; Wenger, 2004) In the United Kingdom alone, roughly 20 million local citizens survive from heart attacks and stroke each year who requires a continuous clinical care. (WHO, 2007) Considering that those individuals who have had heart attacks and strokes are at high risk of repeated attacks including death, it is essential for health care and clinical nurses particularly those who are working in a cardiology ward to learn more about the importance of proper administration of oxygen therapy immediately after a myocarial infarction attack. Aiming to enable the readers understand more about the topic, the researcher will discuss about the rationale for choosing the topic particularly the relevance of administering oxygen therapy with myocardial infarction as well as with working in a cardiology ward. Eventually, a literature review will be conducted focusing on the general information about myocardial infarction including the major causes of myocardial infarction; the negative impact of having myocardial infarction; the importance of early intervention on myocardial infarction attack; as well as the impact of oxygen therapy administration to patients with myocardial infarction. Based on the gathered literature study, the strengths and limitations of the current practice including some recommendations for the practice development will be thoroughly discussed. According to Dr. Richard Lippman, a renowned researcher, â€Å"oxygen deprivation is the major cause of heart attacks among 1.5 million people each year.† (OxyGenesis Institute, 2007) Oxygen, one of the most important elements and nutrients of all life, is delivered to the human cells by the blood. Considering that the coronary arteries or blood vessels of individuals

Biological Molecules Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biological Molecules - Lab Report Example Because the functional groups exhibit characteristic chemical reactions that involve color changes, they can be used as the basis of both qualitative and quantitative assessments. Mash a sample of the imitation crab meat in some water with the homogenizer. Remove some of the liquid and place it in a clean test tube or other suitable glass container. To another such container add the equal amount of plain water. Test both solutions with diabetic glucose tests strips. Add Benedicts solution to both containers and heat using water bath. Observe color change identifying presence (or absence) of glucose in solution. A positive result with the water extract indicates that the imitation crab meat contains additional glucose and should be avoided by Granny. 1. Samples should be heated in Benedicts test to increase the rate of the reaction between the sugar and Benedicts reagent. Without heating the reaction may proceed only very slowly, which may lead to a false result. 2. The copper ions in the copper sulfate of Benedicts reagent bond non-covalently or coordinate to the aldehyde functional group of glucose and similar sugars. This facilitates an oxidation of the organic molecule to the carboxylic acid, and is accompanied by the formation of atomic copper by reduction of the copper ions. The presence of copper atoms in the solution is responsible for the observed color changes. Similarly, the copper ions in Biurets solution coordinate to an amide linkage of protein to form a large complex ion that is highly colored. The IKI reagent in the starch test can be thought of as a complex of potassium ions and iodide ions that have captured molecules of iodine (I2). The multiple -OH groups presence on the starch molecules bond non-covalently to the iodine molecules to form a very dark colored complex. 3. If KOH or NaOH were omitted from the Benedicts test, no result could be expected. The hydroxide ion must be present

Reflective Analysis of personal Time Management and Nursing

Reflective Analysis of personal Time Management and Nursing An event that was meaningful to me as a nurse happened during my clinical time at St. Michaels Hospital when I did not wash my patient before 8:00 am in order to prepare her to go to a plastic surgery appointment later on that day. My patients 10:00 am Heparin administration was delayed by 45 minutes because she was being washed at that time. This event occurred because I did not prioritize the tasks I had to complete during the day properly, and therefore I learned the importance of time management while I work as a nurse on the clinical unit. Besides me, the people who were involved in the event were the registered nurse who I shadowed, my clinical instructor, and my student nurse buddy. At the beginning of the clinical day, while the events happened, I contacted my instructor, my nurse, and my student nurse buddy. The nurse and I sat down to look at the Kardex of patients and wrote down notes on our Personal Organizational Plan (P.O.P.). On the Kardex, my patients condition was the same as yesterday except she would have a plastic surgery appointment later on that day. Usually the patients husband would visit her daily around 9:30 am and provide care which including washing the patient and helping her to perform bowel elimination. My patient preferred that nurses leave them alone while her husband cares to her. On this particular day, the patients husband had an appointment and could not visit his wife in the morning, which meant it was my responsibility to wash my patient early so she could be ready for her appointment. I verbally informed my student nurse buddy that I would need her help to wash my patient but I thought my memory was good enough that I did not have to write down this specific task on my P.O.P. When I met with my patient, I concentrated on measuring her vital signs, completing the initial assessment, nursing activities, and interviewing my patient for the Roy Care Plan assignment as these tasks were originally listed on the P.O.P. I made sure I finished charting by 9:00 am. Once I finished charting, the nurse came up to me to see if I had bathed my patient and I replied no. From the nurses unsatisfied facial response, I realized I should have bathed my patient earlier in advance. My clinical instructor also asked my student nurse buddy and I the reason the patient had not been washed yet. I thought I could have washed my patient after I completed the charting as I knew the patient usually was washed around 10:00 am by her husband. I felt really bad and irresponsible because I did not wash my patient on time and prepare her for the appointment. My intuition told me there must be an essential task I had missed, but I just could not recall what it was since I did not write it down on the P.O.P. I thought my clinical instructor and the nurse must feel disappointed that I did not perform the task earlier as I remembered my clinical instructor stated clearly to check if any of our patients has special orders or tasks to be done at the beginning of the shift. I believe there are ethical and economic considerations to be taken into account about this event. If my patient was still in the process of getting ready while she received a call to go down to the plastic surgery unit, it would create unnecessary wait time for the plastic surgeon and other patients who would see the plastic surgeon later on. In order to compensate for the extra wait time, staffs at the plastic surgery unit may try to rush things and quality of treatment that patients receive may suffer. Staf fs may have to work overtime due to the delay and economic burden would be a result. In addition, delay of administering Heparin will increase patients risk of blood clotting and serious consequences such as pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis may be resulted. This will be considered as maleficence to the patient (Potter Perry, 2009). Moreover, I believe I should be accountable to my patient by providing safe and quality care to my patient which includes washing my patient on time. This belief arises from my nursing teachers constant reminders to us that it is very important to follow CNOs practice standards during practice. The key issue of the event is time management skills for clinical practice. If effective time management strategies were applied to my clinical practice, the chance of this event occurring would have been minimized and my performance of clinical practice will be improved. According to Chater and Litchfields study done on new graduate nurses who work in a neonatal unit at an Australian hospital (2007), five themes: knowing, planning, support, fulfillment, adapting and being flexible can be utilized to help student nurses and new graduate nurses to better manage their clinical time. Firstly, knowing is essential for nurses to manage time on the unit. The reason is if novice nurses do not know the condition of their patients, then they will not know what interventions they need to apply. More time will be spent looking up and learning about how to take care of the patients conditions. Therefore, obtaining nursing knowledge and familiarity with the daily routine care of the unit can help nurses handle their time on unit more efficiently. Having knowledge about the patients condition will also help novices feel less anxious, gain a sense of control, and raise their level of confidence (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Secondly, planning involves thinking about all the tasks which need to be completed as well as how much time each task requires. Proper planning can guide nurses through their day and ensure that important tasks will not be missed. Taking the time to think about required tasks also saves time because it allows the nurse to figure out what resources will be needed to complete a specific task and get everything ready in advance, rather than beginning a task and suddenly realizing something is missing and having to pause to figure it out. Thirdly, new nurses should not hesitate to obtain support from their preceptors and peers. Researching the right knowledge for a patients problem is time consuming but important, so nurses should not be afraid to ask for help since it is in the best interests of the patient. Also, talking to another new nurse peer will aid in continued development of time management skills. Moreover, when novice nurse are able to manage time and are able to complete all the routine care, they gain a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Finally, adapting and being flexible is essential to mastering time management skills. There are always unexpected and unpredictable events that occur during clinical and being able to adapt and find alternative ways to deal with various situations will help nurses feel less stressed when managing their time on the unit (Chater Litchfield, 2007). Besides the five managing themes stated above, prioritizing is a necessary tool for effective time management. Nurses have to prioritize tasks on their route and finish tasks from high to low priority order. For example, when starting a shift, a nurse should decide which patient requires the most care. The nurse can do this by checking in with each patient briefly to say hello but at the same time to assess their needs. After an assessment is done, it can be explained to the patients who do not need immediate care that they will be taken care of shortly while the nurse attends to those with urgent needs (Waterworth, 2003). In addition, nurses should be careful of some priority setting traps. The first trap is whatever hits first which means a nurse responds to tasks that happen first instead of thinking twice and then responding. The second trap is the squeaky wheel, a patient who is able to gather the most attention from a nurse to hear his or her urgent request may not be the one w ho is the most in need. The last trap is waiting for inspiration, nurses should not be wait to be inspirited to complete a task and they should actively think about what tasks have to be done while on unit (Vaccaro, 2001). I learned effective time management strategies to handle my time on clinical and I will definitely utilize the time managing strategies step by step from knowing , planning , prioritizing tasks, gaining support from other nurses, and being flexible with my tasks. My thinking has changed after analyzing the key issue. It now makes more sense to me the reasons that our instructor requires us to finish all the paperwork on Tuesday night even when we feel tired after spending the whole day on unit. In fact, completing the Diagnostic Complications Sheet and Medication sheet correspond to the knowing phase by gaining knowledge about our patients so that we can provide specific care to our patients, feel less anxious, and better manage our time on unit. By filling the detailed P.O.P., this correspond to the planning theme which helps student nurses organize their day and ensure tasks to be performed will not be missed. In my point of view, I would preserve the action that the register nurse comes to check on me to see if I bathed my patient. With this action, she is being responsible to the patient and also she is offering me support to help me take care of the patient. On the other hand, I would definitely change the way I organize my P.O.P and I would follow my P.O.P. with flexibility and do not just focus on the original task I planned for my patient. For example, once I found out my patient has to be washed before 8:00 am, I will write it down immediately so that I will not forget to complete the task. If a similar situation arises again in my practice, I would inform my student nurse buddy that I require her help to wash my patient before a certain time and ask him or her to remind me to finish the specific task in case I forget or become occupied by some other tasks. In term of recommendations, I think there is no better way than to come to the unit with preparation. For example, student nurses can build their well of nursing knowledge by reading the nursing interventions related to a patients specific condition from the Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing and the Medical-surgical Nursing in Canada. Also, Pharmacology for Canadian Health Care Practice can help student nurses build up their knowledge in medication. The more a student nurse comes prepared for their clinical time, the less anxious he or she will be and can apply the five time managing strategies mentioned above to handle their time on unit more effectively.

Russells Treatment of Self-Discovery in Educating Rita :: English Literature

Russell's Treatment of Self-Discovery in Educating Rita (A) "RITA: See, I don't want a baby yet. See, I wanna discover meself first. Do you understand that?" Write about Russell's treatment of self-discovery and of its importance in the lives of the play's characters. The idea of self-discovery is a theme that runs throughout Educating Rita, demonstrating how it can be a personal mission as well as an accidental achievement in life. Both Frank and Rita, as well as the other, more minor characters, embark on this journey as Rita begins her Open University course. When Rita begins her the English Literature course, she is raring to go and wants to know "everything". She also puts in words, her personal desire for self-discovery. "I wanna discover meself." Rita knew from the beginning that she was on a mission and knew where she was going. Frank on the other hand, is quite content with his way of life and finds the idea of a "silly woman's attempts to get into the mind of Henry James" highly amusing although it does interrupt the monotony of his potentially extremely boring and predictive lifestyle. Russell demonstrates the idea of "self-discovery" through Rita by showing the way in which Rita has progressed during the play. At the beginning, Rita is the innocent student who wants "choices". She feels that she will be able to escape from the vicious circle that exists in working class society. The first signs of Rita's discovery are shown through her actions. Her first entrance is a forced entry into the office of Frank, whilst on her second visit she oils the door to make it easier for her to enter. Eventually, Russell no longer shows her entrance into the office but has her already there when the scene begins. Frank, shows less signs of self-discovery although he does in fact discover rather a lot about himself because of Rita. Frank has a drinking habit that he acknowledges but he does hide the signs of it and when Rita thinks she's "reformed" him he finds it highly amusing. Although Frank does not in fact cease drinking, he does get worse and it is the ultimate reason for his "sabbatical" to Australia. On the other hand, Frank's relationship with his former student Julia disintegrates as his fondness for Rita grows. Russell does this to show how the life of the teacher who is apparently stuck in a rut is also changing. The areas that Rita studies show how she has progressed. When she begins to form her own ideas which would hold their own in an examination, Frank doesn't appreciate it, he thinks that the progress